The Power of the Media to Shape the Thoughts of the...

Thesis Statement Popular opinion credits media with great power to shape not only what the average individual thinks about, but also how they think about those subjects. Recent research in the fields of Political Science, Psychology, Economics, and Communications supports this opinion. Abstract Popular opinion credits media with great power to shape not only what the average individual thinks about, but also how they think about those subjects. This paper examines research in the fields of Political Science, Psychology, Economics, and Communications to determine what, if any, effect media has on American politics. An individual’s perception of what is important is influenced by the media through various methods. The more prominent†¦show more content†¦Regardless of the methodology used, studies support the finding that the more prominent an issue is in the media, the higher the perceived level of importance by the general public. Thus, the subtle influence of public opinion toward a candidate or platform can be achieved by increased coverage of topics where the candidate has succeeded (or failed). The candidate need not be directly named in the coverage for the perception of their ability to be effected. Mention of a subject in the media on a daily basis over a period of a month can be more powerful than one urgently-worded message. Historical Overview In the early 1900’s, scholars discounted the influence media had on an individual’s political choices as being minimal (Entman, 1989). The primary method for media contact during this time was newspapers and magazines, and the presentation of news was primarily confined to clearly-defined presentation of fact or opinion. Technology was minimal, so the time between an event’s occurrence and the media’s coverage reaching an individual could range from days to months, depending on distance and available delivery methods. 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This paper examines an exploration of the prevalence andRead MoreThe Image Of A Woman1021 Words   |  5 PagesOF WOMAN IS PROBLEMATIC IN SOCIETY. â€Å"You are what you share† are the very words that C.W Leadbeater spoke which related to this time and era of how society in it self-functions. The embodiment of woman portrayed in society is morally disregarding. Media has substantially enslaved woman by exploiting social expectations and culture strata upon all citizens across the globe. The idealised image of woman has drastically refracted the values and standards of today’s people, to which extent imposes a major

The Effects Of Social Priming On Memory Formation

The Effect of Social Priming on Memory Formation Isabel Rauchle Psy 110 - McCoy Nov. 30, 2016 In today’s society, and many generations before us, stereotypes have overrun how we think as a collective group. From the way we act around others to the way we perceive the actions and conversations around us, they are all influenced by stereotypes. Whether these stereotypes are taught to us from our parents, our peers, or through media influences, they are strongly embedded in our conscious mind and thoughts. In the United States, there are stereotypes of drastic proportions like claiming African-Americans are more aggressive and live a more criminal lifestyle, and there are stereotypes of much smaller proportions like claiming British people are bad cooks. No matter the level of intensity, stereotypes can be found everywhere in cultures all across the globe (Parr, 2015). 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Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people Free Essays

string(114) " the applications we want to install and use, as well as personalize the range of applications to suit our needs\." Abstract Touch screen technology has progressed a lot in the past few years and introduced a wave of various new touch screen based devices. Most of the touch screens are still not accessible to blind users, who have to take on various other ways to use them and to make them accessible. Touch screens are inaccessible to the people with visual impairment because the human computer interface technique involves the user to visually locate objects on the screen and they do not provide verbal output to communicate where controls are located on the screen or what control the user has selected. We will write a custom essay sample on Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to evaluate the accessibility of the HTC Hero mobile phone for visually impaired people, in particular people that have totally lost their vision (referred as blind people) and people with partially lost vision (referred as partially sighted people or partially blind). ‘The World Health Organization (WHO) defines blindness as severe sight loss, where a person is unable to see clearly how many fingers are being held up at a distance of 3m (9.8 feet) or less, even when they are wearing glasses or contact lenses. However, someone who is blind may still have some degree of vision’. Also the‘ WHO defines partial sightedness as where a person cannot clearly see how many fingers are being held up at a distance of 6m (19 feet) or less, even when they are wearing glasses or contact lenses’. The HTC Hero has touch screen technology as the main means to input and output information. Additional issues for accessibility have been brought in as touch screen technology is being introduced to interfaces. In this report I will investigate the issues that visually impaired people are facing when using human computer interfaces, especially with the touch screen phone HTC Hero. 1.1 Physical factors associated with visually impaired people and impact on the use of technology People with total or partial blindness have decreased ability to perform the activities of daily living. Total and partial blindness affect a person’s ability to read, to determine the colour of items, and general day to day activities. These people must rely on memory or depend on someone else for help. Visually impaired people rely on the technology to make their daily living easier. As visually impaired people can’t see where they walk, they run the risk of falling down much more than sighted people, therefore having mobile phone can be potentially life saver. Also, visually impaired people are less likely to be doing activities like normal sighted people, so having a mobile phone is like their eyes to the world i.e. they can reach out to people at any time and feel less isolated. The technology can help visually impaired people interact with others and communicate more effectively. Also the technology can enable visual impaired people to have more access to information, become more independent and achieve their individual aims and goals in life. The market is flooded with a variety of mobile phones, but not all of them are easily usable by people with visual impairments. It is important that technology should assist visually impaired people of all ages. Making the most of technology can have a very positive impact, helping people who are blind and partially sighted to increase their independence and more importantly feel and be as equal as normal sighted people. 1.2 What is accessibility? According to Gnome, ‘Accessibility means helping people with disabilities to participate in substantial life activities. That includes work and the use of services, products, and information’. From the definition, the understanding is that accessibility is the level to which something is accessible or usable by people with disabilities. For information technology, accessibility will mean people with disabilities be able to use software, hardware and other services that are designed and available for sighted people. Software, hardware and other services should be universally designed. Article 2 from The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, says that: Universal design† means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. â€Å"Universal design† shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed. 1.3 Considerations of human physical factors when developing a mobile phone for a visually impaired person If we compare the mobile phones from a decade ago to todays phones, we notice that mobile phones are getting more and more complicated. In the past, all input was done via a keypad which could have been used by visually impaired people, because keypads had raised dot or raised bar on the 5 key which made it easy for visually impaired person to navigate and dial a number. Nowadays, with most mobile phones we use a touch screen or buttons and interact at any time; we can browse the internet, check our emails, take pictures and chat with friends. A visually impaired person will not be able to see the screen of the mobile phone, or navigate through the touch phone’s screen. It appears that as we are getting more advanced in the technology of mobile phones the accessibility has not improved at the same rate as the advancement in the technology. A visually impaired person cannot read the screen, cannot input information or read the output on a touch screen, and there isn’t an audible device to inform where they are navigating or have touched the phone. Therefore it is very important when developing mobile phones to take into account that visually impaired people can hear, can feel different surfaces with their fingers, but cannot read and navigate via a touch screen. 2. Review of HTC Hero The HTC Hero is a small, all-in-one device that is used for communication and computing functions. It enables us to choose the applications we want to install and use, as well as personalize the range of applications to suit our needs. You read "Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people" in category "Essay examples" Picture 1: Main Screen of HTC Hero mobile phone. Source: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) We can note from the main screen of the HTC Hero mobile phone (See Picture 1) that the standard keypad has been omitted and touch screen technology is used, the human computer interaction is done by touching the screen for input and output. For a person to be able to make even a phone call on HTC Hero they need to see where on the screen they are touching; in other terms, the user of the phone interacts directly by seeing what they are touching. 2.1 Usability testing (the Heuristic evaluation) The international standard ISO 9241 Part 11 (www.iso.org) defines usability as; â€Å"The extent to which a product or system can be used by users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use† Based on this definition for usability, the further understanding is that is a system or product is not accessible, consequentially is not usable to the set of users that are unable to access it. Below is a brief heuristic evaluation of the HTC Hero mobile phone, to determine if it is accessible to a visually impaired person. The heuristic evaluation is broken into three sections: Hardware Software Services 2.1.2. Hardware Hardware is the physical mobile phone Picture 2: HTC Hero. Source: http://www.engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) The HTC Hero is very slim, light in weight, and can be held in the palm. The phone has definite shape and definite front/back/top/bottom to inform us which way round it should be used. The visual information displayed on the main screen is in immediate contrast with the background and is clear, but visually impaired person will not be able to see it. The phone has a white track ball (see arrow on Pic. 2) and touchpad. The track ball enables movement between screens and selects some services. A visually impaired person will not be able to see on which application or screen the trackball has stopped. The HTC Hero has 6 buttons located on the bottom of the phone, their colour is in contrast with the immediate background, and a visually impaired person – by touching – will recognize that there are buttons. The buttons are easy to press and have a positive â€Å"click† feel when pressed (although no noise is heard), which means that a visually impaired person will know they have pressed a button but not know the output function of the button pressed as there is no Braille labeling of buttons. A visually impaired person will not be able to see that the HTC Hero is compatible with other devices such as USB cable and Wi-Fi and there are no instructions in alternative media (such as Braille or audio). 2.1.2 Software The HTC Hero supports input and output via the touchpad. The input and output methods are via touchpad and they restrain the blind or partially sighted user from accessing the mobile phone. The software does not play an audible sound when an action is committed such as pressing a button, and the visually impaired person will not know on what is the function of the button pressed. The software does have speakerphone functionality, however the visually impaired person will not know how to access and navigate it. The HTC Hero does not have tactile input or output, such as Braille, to assist visually impaired users. 2.1.3. Services Services represent applications that can be accessed by touching an icon on the screen (See picture 3). Picture 3: HTC Hero applications and services. Source: http://www.engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) If the user wants to make a phone call they need to touch an icon on the screen (see arrow on Picture 3) and HTC hero will display list of all contacts. (See Picture 5). Picture 4: HTC Hero – List of Contacts and numerical keyboard. Source: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Accessed 12 Feb 2011) From pictures 3 and 4, it is noticeable that the input commands are on a touch screen, and the visually impaired person will not be able to use these functions on the smartphone HTC Hero. The HTC Hero doesn’t have audio, Braille controls or magnifier to navigate to assist the visually impaired person to select an application or service such as the web services. Also, the web services have not been designed following the W3C guidelines for Mobile Web Best Practices. 2.2 Nielsen’s Ten Usability Heuristics (Taken from Nielsen’s website www.useit.com ) Visibility of system status Match between system and the real world User control and freedom Consistency and standards Error prevention Recognition rather than recall Flexibility and efficiency of use Aesthetic and minimalist design Help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors Help and documentation 3. Personal suggested improvements The HTC Hero has excluded tactile information and there is a lack of facilities to enable visually impaired people to access the information displayed on the touch screen. There is also a lack of audible input and output which makes it inaccessible to visually impaired people. Below are several personal suggestions that could improve the accessibility and usability of the HTC Hero for visually impaired people: 3.1 Audio Input and Output Introducing a form of Audio Input and Output functionality to the software will make an enormous difference to the HTC Hero. One suggestion would be a system where the user can press an icon on the touchpad and the phone audibly informs the user which icon the have pressed and navigates them to the next logical steps. 3.2 Tactile Input and Output Adding tactile input and output functionality to the HTC Hero could potentially help visually impaired people. The system should have the option to switch Braille on and off. Although Braille literacy is very low in number (only 2% of UK blind people can read Braille) this functionality within the software should not be omitted. 3.3 Touch screen advances A major improvement on touch screen accessibility would be made by adopting the audio-haptic interface techniques to allow non-visual access to touch screen appliances, as suggested per Vanderheiden’s Talking Fingertip Technique (Vanderheiden 2010). The Talking Fingertip Technique is a touch screen that speaks the descriptive names of the controls as the user accesses the screen by touch. 3.4 Introduce Mobile Magnifier Adding an assisted device such as a Mobile Magnifier would help partially sighted people on touch screen phone of the HTC Hero. The mobile magnifier enlarges and enhances the readability of the screen. 3.5 Follow W3C Guidelines for Mobile Web Services The HTC Hero could adopt the W3C Guidelines for developing Mobile Web Services to improve the accessibility for visually impaired people. 4. Conclusion In this report I have investigated the issues of accessibility faced by visually impaired people when using human computer interface, in particular the touch screen mobile phone. I have used the example of the HTC Hero mobile phone for a case study of accessibility and usability. I have evaluated it against the current accessibility and usability guidelines. During my research, I have found several issues that should be addressed if the HTC Hero is to become accessible and usable by visually impaired people. These issues include a lack of usage of assisted devices such as: audio input and output tactile input and output magnifier for visually impaired people not following the W3C Guidelines for Mobile Web Services I have suggested several improvements to the HTC Hero that can be made by using existing technology. These suggestions for improvements include following W3C guidelines for improving accessibility for mobile phones, introducing audio input and output, tactile input and output, adoption the Vanderheiden’s Talking Fingertip Technique and possibly the adoption of mobile magnifier. Hopefully, these suggestions will help developers to add accessibility to their applications in a way that is straight forward for the developer and intuitive for the user. 5. References Definition for blindness and partial blind: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Visual-impairment/Pages/Introduction.aspx (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Definition of Accessibility, Gnome: http://library.gnome.org/devel/accessibility-devel-guide/stable/gad.html.en (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Definition of usability: http://www.iso.org/iso/ (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Mobile Magnifier, http://www.sightandsound.co.uk/products/?category=1subcat=31minorcat=8 (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011). Pictures1, 2 3: www.htc.com/www/product/hero/overview.html (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Picture 4: http://www.engadget.com/2009/07/23/htc-hero-review/ (Last Accessed 12 Feb 2011). Statistics about Braille literacy: http://www.webbie.org.uk/webbie.htm (Last Accessed 26 Feb 2011). UN convention for the rights of people with disabilities: http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml (Last Accessed 26 Feb 2011). Use of audio-haptic interface (Vanderheiden) http://trace.wisc.edu/docs/touchscreen/chi_conf.htm (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011). W3C guidelines for Mobile http://www.w3.org/TR/mobile-bp/ (Last Accessed 27 Feb 2011). How to cite Accessibility of Mobile Phone HTC Hero by visually impaired people, Essay examples

Sample Essay on Cultural Globalization in Sociology

Introduction Globalization is the term that is used to describe the nature and extent of economic development. However in the year 1990 the term Globalization was used with other disciplines like the sociology. Cultural Globalization refers to the specific set of ideas and beliefs that is shared in the world. Sociological perspectives on a macro level have been judged in several researches. Macionis Plummer (2012) argue that the religion has been in existence from thousands of years and there are eight major religions. As per Giddens (1990) Globalization is the network of the ties of the social ties. This is a process by which the local regions are linked and get affected by the happenings that occur in the region that is at far distance (Castells, 2009). Globalization has been the key field in the social streams. As the globalization is dynamic in nature its extremes are yet to get determined. Researches from McGrew mention that the globalization is the intercontinental flow of the interaction of the human beings. The divide between the sociology and the politics brought the concept of globalization. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the role of cultural globalization in sociology. Human society aspects will be discussed and the changes that usually occur as a result of the cultural globalization. Globalization is a multi dimensional process and studies from Tomlinson (1999) states that the cultural criteria in the light of the globalization should be considered. The study also mentions that the cultural globalization is linked to the modernization of the thinking and the way of living. Albrow (1996) argues that the global culture results in the creation of a world society. This is the process by which all the people act and come together to form a single society. Cultural globalization as stated by some researchers is the linkage of the various people of different culture. People co-ordinate with each other on the basis of the ideas and values and draw a consensus on the subjects that holds importance in the globalized world. Transformation in the lifestyle Cultural impact of globalization is critical to be analyzed. It has been noted that the cultural dimensions cannot be bound in any form of monetary terms. Studies from Ohmae (1995) stated that there are two aspects that are associated with the culture. One aspect is the tradition in the nature and the inheritance of the country. This means that there are some of the internal culture that forms the basis of the country and the traditions. The other aspects are that there are cultural changes that start occurring after the nation gets industrialized. The two aspects are important to change the lifestyle and the human society. Ohmae (1995) mentioned that the cultural changes occur after the globalization as the diversity declines and makes way for the convergence in culture. The cultural shifts in the organization are well known as people across the globe have moved from an agricultural driven economy to more techno savvy and industrialized world. Globalization brings the changes in the mode of working as well. There is exodus towards the cities that have higher infrastructure. Flow of the investments is generated. Meanwhile, traditional values take back seat, and the environment that is more competitive and creating wealth takes shape. The exodus of labour from the traditional villages towards cities also changes the attitudes and behaviour of the labour that tries and adopts new strategies and perspectives in culture. Human Society and Social Justice It has been noted that the changes in the culture and the pace of the globalization has made the idea of social justice difficult. There is wide spread differences in terms of the wok participation on the basis of gender. The equality and the rights transform on the back of globalization. The studies have noted that the inequalities between Men and Women that persisted even before the globalization is still existent. Crimes against women have also seen a increase, therefore the social aspects of globalization cannot be ignored. The divide in the religion on the basis of the religion as stated by Macionis Plummer, (2012) has been noted. The studies from Appadurai (1996) find the complexities that come in the way of communication between various individuals. As per the study there were five distinct factors that have been identified (Appadurai, 1996). These aspects are known as Ethnoscapes, Mediascapes, Financescapes, Technoscapes, and Ideoscapes. As per Appadurai (1996) Ethnoscapes means the movement of the people from one place to another. These people can be migrants, tourists, or citizens. Mediascapes discusses the role of media in the Human society and mentions the pictures that form part of the media reporting. These images or pictures or the depiction by the media is capable of shaping the culture of the particular place. Financescapes refers to the movement of the currency between the countries. The next is the Technoscapes and refers to the exchange or the use of technology between countries. The last perspectives are the movement of ideas and culture and are known as Ideoscapes. The human society has therefore transformed due to cultural globalization. The consumption and the way of thinking all depends on the cultural convergence of the people (Huntington, 1993) Conclusion Cultural globalization as discussed in the research paper is a field with enormous possibilities and dynamism. The culture and the behaviour of the people change when the same is brought near to the globalized platform. It has also been noted that the culture and the human society changes after its exposure to the global arena. This is due to the fact that the globalization brings with it changes in the industrialization, technological advancements. However paper has specifically emphasized that the globalization has not been able to reduce the inequality among the people. There are changes in the labour forces and their culture and traditions. A society in a cultural globalization is driven by the internal traditions and the ones that are adopted by the external factors and changes. There is a both positive and negative aspect of cultural globalization, which is discussed in this paper. The other important thing to be noted is that cultural changes in the globalized world cannot be judged on the basis of the monetary terms. Global culture is the basis of the result of the human society. References Albrow, M. (1990).Globalisation Knowledge and Society. London: Sage. Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at Large Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Castells, M. (2009). Communication Power. New York: Oxford University Press. (1997). The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell [Online]. Huntington, S. (1993). The Clash of Civilizations [Online]. Accessed on 26 August 2014. Macionis, J.J Plummer, K (2012). Sociology: A Global Introduction. 5th ed., Pearson. PrenticeHall, New York. Ohmae, K. (1995).The End of the Nation-State.New York: Free Press. Tomlinson, J. (2003). Globalization and Cultural Identity. In D. Held A. McGrew (Eds.), The Global Transformations Reader (2nd ed., pp. 269272). Cambridge, UK: Polity.